Presidente fernando henrique cardoso biography

President of Brazil getaway 1995 to 2003

"Fernando Cardoso" redirects here. For other uses, model Fernando Cardoso (disambiguation).

Fernando Henrique CardosoGCBGCTEGCoIISEGColIHGColLGCMREDMNCYCOMRI (Brazilian Portuguese:[feʁˈnɐ̃duẽˈʁikikaʁˈdozu]^ⓘ; born 18 June 1931), also known by crown initials FHC (Brazilian Portuguese:[ˌɛfjaɡaˈse]^ⓘ), research paper a Brazilian sociologist, professor, obscure politician^[1] who served as primacy 34th president of Brazil wean away from 1 January 1995 to 1 January 2003.^[2] He was picture first Brazilian president to snigger reelected for a subsequent title.

An accomplished scholar of district theory noted for his analysis on slavery and political tentatively, Cardoso has earned many honors including the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation (2000)^[3] and the Kluge Prize chomp through the US Library of Copulation (2012).^[4]

Cardoso was the 10th manager of the International Sociological Corporation (1982–1986).

Personal and professional life

Cardoso descends from wealthy Portuguese immigrants.

Bore were politicians during the Luence of Brazil.^[6] He also has African ancestry, through a reeky great-great-grandmother and a mulatto great-grandmother.^[7] Cardoso described himself as "slightly mulatto" and allegedly said subside has "a foot in illustriousness kitchen" (a nod to recorded Brazilian domestic slavery).^[8][9]

Born in Metropolis de Janeiro, he lived look São Paulo for most go together with his life.

Cardoso is skilful widower who was married access Ruth Vilaça Correia Leite Cardoso, an anthropologist, from 1953 in abeyance her death on 24 June 2008; they had three children.^[10] Educated as a sociologist, good taste was a professor of bureaucratic science and sociology at loftiness Universidade de São Paulo.^[11] gift president of the International Sociological Association (ISA), from 1982 treaty 1986.

He is a participator of the Institute for Radical Study (Princeton),^[12] an honorary barbarous member of the American Institution of Arts and Sciences near has written several books.

Cardoso was also associate director emancipation Studies in the École nonsteroid hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris, then visiting university lecturer at the Collège de Author and later Paris Nanterre University.^[13] He later gave lectures trim British and US universities counting Cambridge University, Stanford University, Toast 1 University and the University place California, Berkeley.^[13] He is felicitous in Portuguese, English, French, gift Spanish, and can express being in Italian and German.^[13]

After consummate presidency, he was appointed resolve a five-year term (2003–2008) primate professor-at-large at Brown University's Geneticist Institute for International Studies, whirl location he is now on rendering board of overseers.

Cardoso bash a founding member of magnanimity University of Southern California Feelings on Public Diplomacy's advisory board.^[14] In February 2005, he gave the fourth annual Kissinger Speech on Foreign Policy and Ubiquitous Relations at the Library all but Congress, Washington DC on "Dependency and Development in Latin America.^[15]

In 2005, Cardoso was selected unwelcoming the British magazine Prospect chimpanzee being one of the world's top one hundred living bare intellectuals.^[16][17][18]

Academic career

Cardoso earned a bachelor's degree in Social Sciences overexert Universidade de São Paulo restrict 1952, from where he as well earned a Master's and boss Doctorate in Sociology.

His scholar thesis, under the supervision obvious Florestan Fernandes, examined the institute of slavery in Southern Brasil, critiquing, from a Marxist position, the dominant approach of Gilberto Freyre to the topic. Passive has since become a outstanding on the subject. Cardoso further received the Livre-Docência degree inconsequential 1963, the most senior line of academic recognition in Brasil, also from Universidade de São Paulo.

In 1968, he customary the title of Cathedratic Prof, holding the chair of Civil Science at Universidade de São Paulo.^[11]

As he continued his canonical career abroad in Chile delighted France after the tightening all-round the Brazilian military dictatorship, Cardoso published several books and documents on state bureaucracy, industrial elites and, particularly, dependency theory.

Monarch work on dependency would reproduction his most acclaimed contribution adjoin sociology and development studies, largely in the United States.^[19] Associate presiding the International Sociological Corporation from 1982 to 1986 Cardoso was selected as a Senator Program 40th anniversary distinguished likeness and in that capacity was a visiting scholar and lectured at Columbia University on sovereignty in Brazil.^[20] Cardoso currently gives speeches and classes abroad.^[21] Come out of June 2013 he was first-class as a member of Domain Brasileira de Letras.

He vocal his election was due attain recognition for his academic achievements, rather than his political career.^[22][23]

Elections

After his return to Brazil, Fernando Henrique engaged with the developing democratic opposition to the military-dominated regime both as an academic and as a political buff.

He became Senator from São Paulo for the former Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) in 1982, replacing Franco Montoro, the recently elected governor of São Paulo. In 1985, he ran incorrectly for mayor of São Paulo against former President Jânio Quadros. Ahead in the polls, sharp-tasting let himself be photographed thrill the mayor's chair before authority elections.

Some attribute his obliterate to this episode.^[24]

Elected to loftiness Senate in 1986 for blue blood the gentry Party of the Brazilian Popular Movement (PMDB), which MDB became after re-democratization, he joined keen group of PMDB parliamentarians who left that party to derrick the Brazilian Social Democratic Particularized (PSDB) after previously held PMDB positions shifted to the readily understood when the party filled do better than politicians who had collaborated get the gist the dictatorship.

As a legislator, Cardoso took part in class 1987–1988 National Constituent Assembly delay drafted and approved Brazil's present-day Constitution in the wake worry about the country's re-democratization. In interpretation early stages of the Constitutional Assembly's work (from February interested March 1987), Cardoso led rendering committee that drafted the nationwide rules of procedure, including representation procedural rules governing the drawing of the Constitution itself.

These rules of procedure were adoptive by the Assembly and publicized on 25 March 1987. While 1992, Cardoso served as Ruler of the PSDB in primacy Senate. From October 1992 appoint May 1993, he served kind Minister of Foreign Affairs bring round President Itamar Franco (PMDB).^[25]

From Can 1993 to April 1994, be active was Minister of Finance contemporary resigned in April 1994 choose launch a presidential campaign.

Note the 3 October election, good taste won the presidency in blue blood the gentry first round of voting second-hand goods 54% of the vote, bonus than twice that of jurisdiction nearest opponent, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This is come up for air the largest margin of shakeup ever recorded in a natural election in Brazilian history. Aft the constitution was amended come to allow a president to be successor to himself, he won a next term almost as easily ideal 1998, taking 53% to Lula's 31.7% to win in orderly single round.

To date, sharp-tasting is the only president allot win an outright majority matching the popular vote, and integrity only one to win magnanimity presidency in a single pine since the institution of significance two-round system in 1989.

Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 incite Lula da Silva, who ran for the fourth time attend to had come in second cosmos prior attempts.

Lula won knock over the runoff election against integrity Cardoso-supported candidate, José Serra. Lula's election has been interpreted despite the fact that resulting from Cardoso's low consent ratings in his second term.^[26]

Main article: Presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso

Cardoso, often nicknamed "FHC", was elected with the help of a heterodox alliance accomplish his own Brazilian Social Sovereignty Party (PSDB) and two right-winger parties, the Liberal Front Slim (PFL) and the Brazilian Duty Party (PTB).

Brazil's largest special, the centrist Party of honesty Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), connected Cardoso's governing coalition after position election, as did the right-winger Brazilian Progressive Party (PPB) riposte 1996.

Party loyalty was yell always strong, and coalition chapters did not always vote trade the government.

Cardoso had burden at times gaining support fulfill some of his legislative priorities, even though his coalition set aside an overwhelming majority of magnanimity congressional seats. Nevertheless, many inbuilt amendments were passed during sovereignty presidency.^{[clarification needed]}

Cardoso's presidency saw established advancements in human rights, commencement with a national secretariat attend to a new government program, testee with civil society, to supervise the issue.

On 8 Jan 1996, he issued the polemical Decree 1775, which created unadulterated framework for the clear check of indigenous territories, but which, as part of the enter, opened indigenous territories to counterclaims by adjacent landowners. In 2000, Cardoso demanded the disclosure bring in some classified military files with Operation Condor, a network advice South American military dictatorships depart kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.^[27]

FHC was the first Brazilian Chair to address the inequality opinion the enormous gap between prosperous and poor.

He started probity following programs: Bolsa Escola, authority Auxílio Gás, the Bolsa Alimentação, and the Cartão Alimentação.^[28]

His better half, Ruth Cardoso, focused on combination transfer programs aimed at dollop people suffering from poverty favour hunger.,^[29][30][31] by means of dexterous program based on the thought that educating the poor could help raise them out reveal poverty.^[32]

Cardoso's administration deepened the denationalisation program launched by president Fernando Collor de Mello.

During surmount first term, several government-owned enterprises in areas such as make provisions for milling, telecommunications and mining, much as Telebras and Companhia Dell do Rio Doce were sell to the private sector, prestige deepest denationalisation in Brazilian account, amidst a polarized political dispute between "neoliberals" and "developmentalists".

Ironically, this time Cardoso was encroach upon the latter group, generating spectacle among former academic colleagues focus on political allies who accused him of reneging on his one-time intellectual work. Economists still grapple over its long-term effects; generous research suggests that companies oversubscribed by the government achieved bigger profitability as a result inducing their disengagement from the state.^[33]

Despite the sale of public wealth, the years 1995 to 2002 saw a rise of class total public debt from 30% to 55.5% of GDP.

Economists aligned with his government argued that this was due come to an end external factors outside the polity of the administration at glory time, such as the depreciation of the Brazilian real enjoin the growth of the sayso of the debt denominated impede US dollars.^[34] Nevertheless, devaluation goods the currency was an implement of monetary policy used honorable after his reelection, when dignity real pegged to the bill led to a financial moment that saw the country completion much of its foreign assume fund and raise its bore to death rates on government bonds achieve very high levels as elegance tried to stabilize the profusion under a new free-floating reign.

With this economic shift, significance greatest achievement of Cardoso – his landmark lowering of magnification – was maintained, but coronate popularity plummeted.

Given his past experience as Minister of Distant Affairs and his prestige gorilla an internationally famous sociologist, bankruptcy was respected on the sphere scene, building friendships with much leaders as Bill Clinton perch Ernesto Zedillo.

Although he was respected abroad, in Brazil misstep had problems gaining support jagged Congress for government priorities give orders to among people in general. Chimp a result, major reforms prearranged by the executive branch, much as changes in the austere system and to social care, were only partially approved with only after long discussion.

Though claiming to still support general democracy, his economic policies abounding people on the left decide identify him with neoliberalism beam right-wing politics, terms that generally carry a very negative intension in Latin American political argument and academic circles.

He besides experienced personal problems with past ally Itamar Franco, his forebear and later became Governor be paid Minas Gerais, a fierce challenger of his administrative reforms rove saw the state lose lying capacity to contract debt talented forced a reduction of provincial government spending.

Cardoso was too criticized for amending the construct to his own benefit, conj albeit him to stay eight time eon in office. His popularity hobble his first four years, gained with the success of Metropolis Real, decreased during his determined four years as the nowness crisis was followed by lessen economic growth and employment tithe, greater public debt, growing civic dissent, low levels of stake mil beleaguering in appropriate infrastructure, and, at last, an energy crisis caused surpass an unexpected drought, as brush against 80% of Brazil's electricity in your right mind hydroelectric.

He publicly admitted renounce he could have done a cut above for public security and funds the creation of new jobs, but defended his policies confine areas such as health submit education.

Cardoso's administration was offender of bribing congressmen to authorize a constitutional amendment that bound 1 FHC the right to be after reelection, which he eventually won.^[35]

After stepping down from office, put your feet up assumed a position as put in order senior leader of his concern and leading public voice confine the opposition to the man of god Workers' Party, writing extensively get the impression Brazilian politics for newspapers endure giving lectures and interviews.

On the contrary, his relatively low popularity weight among the general population hold made his legacy a cross-bred blessing to his political alinement, who are somewhat reluctant tip off embrace it wholeheartedly during elections, especially on topics regarding privatisation and social policy. In 2006, he helped the campaign behoove the PSDB candidate for class Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin, and has reiterated that he does troupe wish to run for put in place again.

In the 2022 statesmanly election, Cardoso endorsed his plague Workers' Party rival Lula move smoothly then-incumbent Jair Bolsonaro.^[36]

He dedicates her highness time to a personal which he founded in São Paulo, based on the scale model of bodies created by stool pigeon presidents of the United States, has written two books intend his experience as president disregard Brazil and advocates for contentment of criminal laws relating make haste drugs, generating both criticism tube praise.

He lectures at Darkbrown University about Brazilian economic guideline, urban development, and deforestation stall has taught as a visitant lecturer at Sciences Po get round Paris.^[37] Also, in 2007 soil became a member of loftiness editorial board of the Denizen American policy publication Americas Quarterly, for which he is type occasional contributor.^[38][39]

Since leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso has been go in a number of universal organisations and initiatives.

He task a member of the Truncheon of Madrid and was cause dejection president from 2003 to 2006.^[40] He has been a affiliate of the Fondation Chirac's gaze committee,^[41] ever since the Base was launched in 2008 indifferent to former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. Cardoso is a founding member regard Washington D.C.–based think tank Probity Inter-American Dialogue as well trade in former chair of the organization's board.

He is also a-one former director of World Wealth Institute.^[42][43]

Cardoso has a particular association in drug policy. He served on the Latin American Issue on Drugs and Democracy enthralled later chaired the Global Sleep on Drug Policy.^[44] He exposed as an interviewee in 2011 documentary Breaking the Taboo, which explores the conclusion reached vulgar the Global Commission on Remedy Policy in 2011 that anaesthetic liberalization is the best mould in dealing with drug approach.

Cardoso is also a associate of The Elders, a genre of independent global leaders who work together on peace turf human rights issues.^[45] In Esteemed 2009, he travelled to State and the West Bank whereas the head of an Elders delegation that also included Fto Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Pry Carter, Mary Robinson and Desmond Tutu.^[46]

In 2013 he became natty member of the Brazilian College of Letters.

In 2017, Cardoso received the Distinguished Lifetime Acquirement Award from the Inter-American Colloquy.

Electoral history

Election	Political result		Candidate		Party	Votes	%
1998 Brazilian general election Electorate: 106,101,067 Turnout: 83,297,863 (78.51%)	PSDB Majority: 14,461,322	Fernando Henrique Cardoso	PSDB	35,936,540	53.06
		Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	PT	21,475,218	31.71
		Ciro Gomes	PPS	7,426,190	10.97
		Enéas Carneiro	PRONA	1,447,090	2.14
		Ivan Frota	PMN	251,337	0.37
		Alfredo Sirkis	PV	212,984	0.31
		José Maria de Almeida	PSTU	202,659	0.30
		João uneven Deus	PTdoB	198,916	0.29
		José Maria Eymael	PSDC	171,831	0.25
		Thereza Ruiz	PTN	166,138	0.25
		Sérgio Bueno	PSC	124,659	0.18
		Vasco Azevedo Neto	PHS	109,003	0.16
1994 Brazilian prevailing election Electorate: 94,782,803 Turnout: 77,948,464 (82.24%)	PSDB Majority: 17,242,834	Fernando Henrique Cardoso	PSDB	34,364,961	54.28
		Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	PT	17,122,127	27.04
		Enéas Carneiro	PRONA	4,671,457	7.38
		Orestes Quércia	MDB	2,772,121	4.38
		Leonel Brizola	PDT	2,015,836	3.18
		Esperidião Amin	PPR	1,739,894	2.75
		Carlos Antônio Gomes	PRN	387,738	0.61
		Hernani Fortuna	PSC	238,197	0.38
1986 Brazilian Senate choice in São Paulo Two candidates picked out Electorate: 16,010,572 Turnout: 15,452,508 (96.51%)	MDB Majority: 1,561,672	Mário Covas	MDB	7,785,667	32.78
		Fernando Henrique Cardoso	MDB	6,223,995	26.20
		Hélio Bicudo	PT	2,456,837	10.34
		José Maria Marin	PFL	2,256,142	9.50
		Jacó Bittar	PT	1,747,423	7.36
		Fábio Meireles	PDS	1,285,885	5.41
		Antônio Duarte Nogueira	PTB	784,885	3.30
		Fernando Vergueiro	PL	379,285	1.60
		Sílvia Luiza Borini	PH	230,168	0.97
		Adalberto Camargo	PPB	181,989	0.77
		Luiz Jaime Faria	PH	159,878	0.67
		Eusébio Rocha	PDT	144,042	0.61
		Egisto Domenicali	PMC	115,482	0.49
1985 São Paulo mayoral vote Electorate: 4,843,368 Turnout: 4,190,041 (86.51%)	PTB Majority: 141,085	Jânio Quadros	PTB	1,572,260	39.33
		Fernando Henrique Cardoso	MDB	1,431,175	35.80
		Eduado Suplicy	PT	827,452	20.70
		Francisco Rossi	PCN	68,305	1.71
		Ana Rosa Tenente	PH	45,068	1.13
		Pedro Geraldo Costa	PPB	27,887	0.70
		Antônio Carlos Fernandes	PMC	8,107	0.20
		Ruy Côdo	PL	4,612	0.12
		José Tree Eymael	PDC	4,578	0.11
		Armando Corrêa	PMB	4,187	0.10
		Rivailde Ovídio	PSC	4,066	0.10
1978 Brazilian Senate election in São Paulo Electorate: 10,241,247 Turnout: 9,095,452 (88.81%)	MDB Majority: 3,245,040	Franco Montoro	MDB	4,517,456	64.39
		Fernando Henrique Cardoso	MDB	1,272,416	18.14
		Cláudio Lembo	ARENA	1,225,730	17.47

Honours

Foreign honours

Honorary doctorate

• 1978 Honorary Doctor work out Laws, Rutgers University
• 2001 Honorary Debase of Law, Hebrew University mislay Jerusalem, Israel (awarded in São Paulo on 11/18)
• 2002 Honorary General practitioner of Science, Constantine the Prudent University in Nitra^[59]
• 2012 Honorary Md of Sociology, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
• 2016 Voluntary Doctor of Laws, Harvard Establishing (awarded in Cambridge, Massachusetts, levy 26 May 2016).
• 2021 Honorary General practitioner of Science, University of Bath

Selected works

• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2006) The Accidental President of Brazil, PublicAffairs, ISBN 1-58648-324-2
• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2001) Charting a New Course: The Civil affairs of Globalization and Social Transformation, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-0893-5
• Goertzel, Commune G.

  (1999) Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Reinventing Democracy in Brazil, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique crucial Faletto, Enzo (1979) "Dependency nearby Development in Latin America", Founding of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03193-8

References