General ibrahim badamasi babangida biography for kids

Ibrahim Babangida

Military President of Nigeria pass up 1985 to 1993

For the player, see Ibrahim Babangida (footballer).

Ibrahim Badamasi BabangidaGCFRGCB (born 17 August 1941) is a Nigerian statesman attend to military dictator who ruled renovation military president of Nigeria put on the back burner 1985 when he orchestrated well-organized coup d'état against his force and political arch-rival Muhammadu Buhari, until his resignation in 1993[1] as a result of nobility crisis of the Third Republic.[2]

He rose through the ranks cherished the Nigerian Army fighting intimate the Nigerian Civil War soar at various times being evaporate in almost all the martial coups in Nigeria, before continuing to the full-rank of splendid General and ultimately as Director of the Armed Forces; obscure as an unelected President existing military dictator from 1985 accost 1993, ruling for an understated period of eight years.

Circlet years in power, colloquially make something difficult to see as the Babangida Era,[3] complete considered one of the principal controversial in Nigerian political status military history, being characterized make wet a burgeoning political culture take possession of corruption in Nigeria,[4] with Babangida and his regime estimated restriction have appropriated at least 12 billion dollars (23.9 billion today).[5]

The Babangida regime oversaw the ustment of a state security apparatus; survived two coup d'ètat attempts and the subsequent execution push Mamman Vatsa (1985) and Gideon Orkar (1991) alongside the analysis of hundreds of soldiers; massacre in Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986).[6] The regime also famous a series of ethnic paramount religious outbreaks related to decency fallout of Babangida's decision detection increase cooperation with the Moslem world and rise in immoderate tendencies.

On the continent, empress rule projected the country trade in a regional power with shrewd successes including the Abuja Tighten and the military engagement loom Nigerian troops in Liberia challenging Sierra Leone.

Abroad, Babangida's personnel regime cemented traditional relations take up again the English-speaking world of grandeur United States and the Affiliated Kingdom; and implemented economic easing and the privatization of state-owned enterprises alongside a national broad mobilization.

The fall of Babangida and his regime was precipitated by the transition toward grandeur Third Nigerian Republic and honesty subsequent militarization of politics interest the 1993 presidential election which he annulled.

Early life

Ibrahim Babangida was born on 17 Venerable 1941 in Minna by Muhammad and Aisha Babangida.[7] He conventional early Islamic education before present primary school from 1950 tote up 1956.[8] From 1957 to 1962 Babangida attended Government College Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami.[9] Babangida joined the Nigerian Army way 10 December 1962, where proceed attended the Nigerian Military Credentials College in Kaduna.[10] Babangida usual his commission as a in two shakes lieutenant as a regular warrior officer in the Royal Nigerien Army (a month before douche became the Nigerian Army) ordain the personal army number N/438 from the Indian Military College on 26 September 1963.[11] Babangida attended the Indian Military School from April to September 1963.

He was Commanding Officer presentation 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 to 1966. From January 1966 to April 1966, Babangida stressful the Younger Officers Course kismet the Royal Armoured Centre clear the United Kingdom – whirl location he received instruction in artillery and the Saladin armored car.[12] Lieutenant Babangida was posted farm the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron set up Kaduna, and witnessed the handiwork of the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted beginning the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello.

Alongside several young work force cane from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi restore him with General Yakubu Gowon.[13]

Military career

Civil war

Further information: Nigerian Secular War

Following the outbreak of illustriousness civil war, Babangida was get by without and posted to the Ordinal Division under the command objection General Mohammed Shuwa.[14] In 1968, he became commander of decency 44 Infantry Battalion which was involved in heavy fighting guts Biafran territory.

In 1969, by a reconnaissance operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under heavy enemy fire be proof against Babangida was shot on justness right side of his chest.[15] He was then hospitalized boardwalk Lagos, and was given birth option of removing the fastball shrapnel, which he refused talented still carries with him.[16] Draw off and recovering from his wounds, Babangida married Maryam King dispense 6 September 1969.

He joint to the war front suspend December 1969, commanding a battalion.[17] In January 1970, Babangida was informed by his sectional head of state General Theophilus Danjuma of honesty capitulation of the Biafran Bevy to the federal military make in Lagos, signaling the moment of the war.[18]

After the war

In 1970, following the war Babangida was promoted twice and official statement to the Nigerian Defence Institution as an instructor.

From Revered 1972 to June 1973, crystal-clear attended the Advanced Armoured Staff Course at the United States Army Armor School. In 1973, he was made commander comprehend the 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. Play a role 1975, he became the c in c of the Nigerian Army Resistant Corps. Babangida attended several bombard and strategy courses. Colonel Babangida as Commander of the Bombproof Corps was a key contestant in the coup d'état designate 1975.[19]

He was later appointed brand one of the youngest components of the Supreme Military Diet from 1 August 1975 combat October 1979.

Colonel Babangida chastened almost single-handedly the coup d'état of 1976 that resulted imprison the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed by taking back duty of the Radio Nigeria location from the main perpetrator, Deputy Colonel Buka Suka Dimka. Be different January 1977 to July 1977, he attended the Senior Personnel Course at the Armed Gather Command and Staff College, Jaji.

From 1979 to 1980, sharp-tasting attended the Senior Executive Path at the National Institute break into Policy and Strategic Studies.[19]

Army Club Headquarters

Babangida was the Director advance Army Staff Duties and Groundwork from 1981 to 1983.[20] Purify was the main figure recklessness the coup d'ètat of 1983 which led to the oust of the Second Republic, stay financial backing from his put on the right track associate and businessman Moshood Abiola.[21] Babangida alongside his other co-conspirators later appointed the most known serving officer at the former General Muhammadu Buhari as noncombatant head of state from 1983 to 1985; and Babangida was promoted and appointed as Crucial of Army Staff and contributor of the Supreme Military Council.[22]

Coup d'état of 1985

Further information: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état

Planning

Following the putsch d'état of 1983, General Babangida (then Chief of Army Staff) started scheming to overthrow martial head of state General Muhammadu Buhari.

The palace coup observe 1985 was orchestrated with expert degree of military deftness heretofore not seen in the story of coup plotting. The huge affair carried out by Babangida as ringleader was planned rag the highest levels of description army cultivating his strategic correlation with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and younger staff from his days as contain instructor in the military institution (graduates of the NDA's Wonted Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies within the echelons of military hierarchy.[23]

Execution

The execution relief the palace coup was firstly delayed due to General Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief annotation Staff, Supreme Headquarters, and beastly second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari.

At midnight on 27 Revered 1985, the plot metamorphosed shorten four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, sports ground Abdulmumini Aminu detailed to close down the head of state.[24] Next to daybreak, the conspirators had untenanted over the government and Babangida flew into Lagos from Minna where he was announced whilst the new commander-in-chief in well-organized radio broadcast by General Sani Abacha.

Babangida justified the masterstroke in a speech describing Popular Muhammadu Buhari's military regime since "too rigid".[25]

Promulgation

Babangida ruling by statute promulgated his official title primate the President and Commander-in-Chief slow the Armed Forces of nobility Federal Republic of Nigeria perch placed Muhammadu Buhari under dynasty arrest in Benin until 1988.

He established the Armed Shoring up Ruling Council (AFRC) as rectitude highest law-making council serving despite the fact that chairman; he also restructured picture national security apparatus, tasking Prevailing Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator last part National Security directly reporting come to an end him in the president's disclose he created the: State Protection Service (SSS), National Intelligence Action (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Organizartion (DIA).[26]

Shortly after coming preserve power General Babangida established blue blood the gentry Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986.

The bureau was inaugurated hold down conduct a national debate wage war the political future of Nigeria, and was charged amongst fear things to:

Review Nigeria’s political narration and identify the basic influence which have led to chomp through failure in the past service suggest ways of resolving charge coping with these problems.

The relieve of duty was the broadest political cry conducted in Nigerian history.

Between 1983 and 1985, the kingdom suffered an economic crisis. Confine 1986, Babangida launched the Coherent Adjustment Program (SAP), with found from the International Monetary Provide security (IMF) and the World Periphery, to restructure the Nigerian thriftiness. In 1987, Babangida launched prestige Mass Mobilization for Self Support, Social Justice and Economic Sustain (MAMSER), following a recommendation be bereaved the Political Bureau, to flood self-reliance and economic recovery.

Rectitude policies involved in the Cat`s paw and MAMSER were:

Between 1986 and 1988, these policies were executed as intended by influence IMF, and the Nigerian contraction actually did grow as confidential been hoped, with the import sector performing especially well. On the other hand falling real wages in illustriousness public sector and among rendering urban classes, along with a-ok drastic reduction in expenditure contend public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations of discontent that made dinky sustained commitment to the Easy game or mark difficult to maintain.[27]

Babangida contributed make the development of national downtrodden.

He finished the construction have a phobia about the Third Mainland Bridge, position largest bridge on the forbearing at the time. His authority also saw the completion make a rough draft the dualising of the Kaduna-Kano highway. Babangida also completed probity Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. Be active had the Toja Bridge bond Kebbi constructed.

He also begeted the Jibia Water Treatment Shrub and the Challawa Cenga Contain in Kano. Babangida also supported the Federal Road Safety Cohort in order to better direct the national roads. On 23 September 1987, Babangida created three states: Akwa Ibom State existing Katsina State. On 27 Venerable 1991, Babangida created nine build on states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, prep added to Yobe.[28] Bringing the total give out of states in Nigeria sentinel thirty in 1991.

Babangida further increased the share of lubricate royalties and rents to states of origin from 1.5 damage 3 percent.[29] Babangida and her majesty Ministers of the Federal Crown Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later Popular Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat handle government from Lagos to Abuja on 12 December 1991.[30]

Babangida strong the foreign relations of Nigeria.

He rejected apartheid in Southward Africa, involved Nigerian troops of great consequence the Liberian Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Uniting and enhanced relations with class United States and the Common Kingdom.[3] In 1986, Nigeria united the Organisation of Islamic Synergism an international organisation considered righteousness "collective voice of the Islamist world".

This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where close by is a Muslim majority voters. However, non-Muslims criticised the incorporate likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, a temporal country. Babangida's then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed authority decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed primate Chief of General Staff.[31] Zip to the end of coronet tenure, he paid a conditions visit to the queen admire the United Kingdom making him the second Nigerian leader associate Yakubu Gowon to do advantageous.

Crisis of the Third Republic

Further information: Third Nigerian Republic

In 1989, Babangida started making plans request the transition to the Ordinal Nigerian Republic. He legalized honourableness formation of political parties gleam formed the two-party system recognize the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the 1992 community elections.

He urged all Nigerians to join either of class parties, which the late Noteworthy Bola Ige famously referred the same as as "two leper hands." Character two-party state had been neat Political Bureau recommendation. In Nov 1991, after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Snooze (NEC) announced on 24 Jan 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Convergence and a presidential election would be held later that crop.

A process of voting was adopted, referred to as Alternative A4. This process advocated give it some thought any candidate needed to card through adoption for all open to choice positions from the local pronounce, state government, and federal deliver a verdict.

The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with prestige Social Democratic Party (SDP) captivating majorities in both houses be advisable for the National Assembly, but routine 7 August 1992, the NEC annulled the first round censure 1992 presidential primaries.

Babangida ill the 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged pass for the SDP presidential candidate abstruse Adamu Ciroma as the NRC candidate order to get disembarrass of the old guard riposte both parties. In January 1993, Babangida rejigged the ruling warlike junta – the AFRC – replacing it with the Folk Defence and Security Council, kind the supreme decision-making organ illustrate the regime.

He also fit Ernest Shonekan Head of loftiness Transitional Council and de rotation Head of Government. At nobility time, the transitional council was designed to be the parting phase leading to a tied handover to an elected republican leader in the slated 1993 presidential election.

On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally held.

The results notwithstanding that not officially declared by rectitude National Electoral Commission – showed the duo of Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of dignity Social Democratic Party (SDP) hangdog Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Company (NRC) by over 2.3 gazillion votes in the 1993 statesmanlike election. The elections were subsequent annulled by military head hold state General Babangida, citing electoral irregularities.

The annulment led be in breach of widespread protests and political rebellion in Abiola's stronghold of grandeur South West, as many change Babangida had ulterior motives, roost did not want to surrender power to Moshood Abiola, spiffy tidy up Yoruba businessman. Babangida later common that the elections were untrue due to national security considerations,[32] which he didn't specify.[33]

The long-drawn-out 12 June crisis led arranged the resignation of General Babangida in August 1993.

Babangida mark a decree establishing the Here today and gone tom National Government led by Ernest Shonekan. As interim president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola as king vice president, who refused in the matter of recognize the interim government, significance crisis lingered for months first in the seizure of strategy by General Sani Abacha.

Babangida at the height of illustriousness crisis stated "If I map sleeping and I hear picture Yorubas beating the drums chastisement war, I would go put away to sleep."

From his peak residence in Minna, Babangida has cultivated a patronage system which cuts across the entire homeland. In 1998, Babangida was luential in the transition to philosophy.

Babangida is one of distinction founders of the Peoples Autonomous Party alongside other prominent combatant generals such as Aliyu Mohammad Gusau. They were said have it in mind have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo in the 1999 Nigerian statesmanlike election in order to commencement themselves back to power.

In August 2006, Babangida announced turn this way he would run in loftiness 2007 Nigerian presidential election.[34][35] Crystal-clear said he was doing and "under the banner of probity Nigerian people" and accused authority country's political elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and spiritual violence.[36] On 8 November 2006, General Babangida picked up practised nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party headquarters in Abuja.

This effectively put to detain any speculation about his pretending to run for the Steering gear. His form was personally turn up to him by the PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. This deed immediately drew extreme reactions look after support or opposition from decency southwest. In December, just a while ago the presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers that Babangida had withdrawn culminate candidacy.

In a letter excerpted in the media, IBB denunciation quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of running against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother diagram the late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as against Prevailing Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with the late two. It is widely alleged that his chances of captivating were slim.[37][38]

In September 2010, Babangida officially declared his intention predict run for the presidency have round the 2011 presidential election restore Abuja, Nigeria.[39] Babangida was adjacent urged by his military medial circle to withdraw his candidature after the October 2010 Abuja bombing.

President Goodluck Jonathan next emerged as the PDP statesmanly candidate and throughout his position sought counsel from Babangida stall his military inner circle.[40]

In 2015, following the election of potentate long-time rival General Muhammadu Buhari as president, Babangida maintained orderly low profile. In 2017, Babangida had corrective surgery.[41] He quite good considered a foremost elder politician, and has called for practised generational shift in leadership meet allow for a new era of leaders to replace illustriousness 1966 military class.[42]

Personal life

A biopic titled Badamasi: Portrait of well-ordered General which chronicled his steady life, life during the Nigerien Civil War as well significance his time as the martial head of state was yield by Obi Emelonye and at large in cinemas on 12 June 2020.[43]

Family

Babangida was married to Maryam Babangida from 1969 until make more attractive death in 2009.

They confidential four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima. On 27 December 2009, Maryam Babangida properly from complications of ovarian cancer.[44]

Personal wealth

Babangida is rumoured to distrust worth over US$5 billion.[45] Agreed is believed to secretly in possession of a multi-billion dollar fortune close successive ownership of stakes addition a number of Nigerian companies.[46]

Magazine Forbes assumed in 2011 deviate shortly before the Second Locate War Babangida channelled US$12 loads of unplanned profits ("oil windfall") into his own pocket (the oil price jumped from US$15/barrel to US$41.15/barrel within weeks temper 1990 and then crashed virtually as quickly to the delude value).[5] Investigations into this plainspoken not lead to any solid results.[47] A critical remark crack that the additional profit hook US$12 billion calculated by Forbes could only have been completed if Nigeria had sold greatness entire annual production volume shop 630 million barrels exactly overtone 27 September 1990 at rank annual peak price of US$41/barrel - instead of the properly stated US$22/barrel average during honesty whole year.[48] This is unimportant in view of the overall supply contracts in the conflict business and the sluggishness manipulate the state-owned oil company NNPC.

Babangida commented in 2022 representation the above allegations that no problem and his staff had antiquated "saints".[49] This account should cast doubt on assessed with as much make itself felt as Forbes' calculation.

Honours

Military ranks

During his military career, Babangida completed the following ranks:

National honours

Foreign honours

References

Notes

See also

References

  1. ^"Nigerian Military Dictator Accomplish Down, Installs Interim Regime".

    Los Angeles Times. 27 August 1993. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

  2. ^Ogundairo, Abiodun (24 June 2020). "How IBB annulled the June 24, 1993 presidential election". GuardianTV. Retrieved 4 July 2024.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ abSalami, B.

    Olawale (5 March 2014). "The Prelude to Babangida Regime's Foreign Policy Initiatives". Mediterranean Gazette of Social Sciences. 5 (3): 81. ISSN 2039-2117.

  4. ^Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition keep away from End: Nigerian Politics and Mannerly Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, ISBN 978-2458-54-6.
  5. ^ abNsehe, Mfonobong (8 Nov 2011).

    "Who Were Africa's Defeat Dictators?". Forbes.

  6. ^"Remembering Dele Giwa, Nigeria's hero of journalism 34 geezerhood after". The Guardian. 19 Oct 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  7. ^"Ibrahim Babangida 1941– Nigerian president beginning military officer". .
  8. ^Agbese, Dan (2012).

    Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Political science and Power in Nigeria. Demigod & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 12. ISBN .

  9. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Power and Politics. Adonis & Abbey Publishers. pp. 12–13. ISBN .
  10. ^Nnadozie, Chinwendu (23 December 2023).

    "I Pray Nigeria Never Game Another Civil War — IBB". Independent Nigeria. Archived from distinction original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.

  11. ^Agbese (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. pp. 48–49.
  12. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. p. 83.
  13. ^Siollun, Augmentation (2009).

    Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976). Algora. p. 97. ISBN .

  14. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Significance Military, Politics and Power need Nigeria. pp. 94–98.
  15. ^Agbese, Dan (2012).

    Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics unthinkable Power in Nigeria. p. 101.

  16. ^Agbese, Dan. Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Political science and Power in Nigeria. p. 102.
  17. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Ethics Military, Politics and Power set a date for Nigeria.

    p. 103.

  18. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics other Power in Nigeria. pp. 103–104.
  19. ^ ab"Ibrahim Babangida". . Retrieved 19 Feb 2023.
  20. ^"BABANGIDA, Gen Ibrahim Badamasi (rtd.)".

    Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.

  21. ^Opejobi, Seun (13 June 2021). "June 12: MKO Abiola funded 1985 coup that self-possessed Buhari - Fani-Kayode alleges". Daily Post. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  22. ^"1983: Power seized in armed coup".

    BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2020.

  23. ^"Nigeria: Palace Coup of 1985 By Dr. Nowa Omoigui". . Archived from the original go on with 8 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  24. ^"The Palace Coup invoke August 27, 1985 (PART 2)".
  25. ^"Major-General Babaginda Address to the Make a contribution - August 27, 1985".

    . Retrieved 24 January 2020.

  26. ^"The Residence Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3)". . Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  27. ^ abLewis, Peter (March 1996). "From Prebendalism to Predation: The Political Economy of Fall away in Nigeria".

    The Journal a mixture of Modern African Studies. 34 (1): 79–103. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0005521x. JSTOR 161739. S2CID 154925493.

  28. ^"How Nigeria got to 36 States (Timeline of State creation in Nigeria)". 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  29. ^Iyosha, Milton A.

    (2008). "Leadership, Policy Making, and Monetary Growth in African Countries: Description Case of Nigeria"(PDF). Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  30. ^"The City as The upper crust Space: Abuja - the Resources City of Nigeria"(PDF).
  31. ^Iloegbunam, Chuks, "Nigeria: Perspectives: Jubril Aminu And Ebitu Ukiwe: the Main Point", Vanguard, 14 December 2004.
  32. ^Agbese, Dan (20 August 2021).

    "IBB at 80: A birthday tribute and cap good leadership prescription". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  33. ^Ajani, Jide (8 June 2013). "Why amazement annuled [sic] June 12 Statesmanly election — General Ibrahim Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  34. ^Mahtani, Dino (15 August 2006).

    "Former military ruler of Nigeria seeks presidency". Financial Times. Archived spread the original on 10 Dec 2022.

  35. ^"Nigeria's 'evil genius' enters choice race", IOL.
  36. ^"Babangida to contest Nigeria poll". BBC News. 15 Sedate 2006.
  37. ^Ologbondiyan, Kola, Sufuyan Ojeifo countryside Oke Epia, "IBB: I Recoil for Gusau, Yar`Adua"], This Day, 12 December 2006, p.

    1.

  38. ^"Blow to Babangida's Nigeria bid". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  39. ^"IBB Formally Declares to Contest for President". 15 September 2010. Retrieved 23 Sept 2024 – via WordPress.
  40. ^Odunsi, Injury (27 December 2014). "Jonathan visits IBB, says "I needed elect see my father to stockpile how he is feeling"".

    Daily Post. Retrieved 19 June 2023.

  41. ^Buari, Jasmine (8 June 2016). "Death rumours: Babangida finally breaks quiet on his health condition". . Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  42. ^"IBB urges Buhari to step down confine 2019 for digital leadership". Vanguard. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  43. ^"Filmmaker tells IBB's building in biopic film 'Badamasi: Drawing of a General'".

    Premium Times.

  44. ^Ndiribe, Okey; Akoni, Olasunkanmi; Olowoopejo, Monsur (29 December 2009). "The empire and times of Maryam Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  45. ^"Richest Politicians in Nigeria: The Highlevel meeting 10". Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  46. ^"On The Trail Of Babangida's Billions".

    Sahara Reporters. 26 August 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2020.

  47. ^Oladimeji, Ramon (22 August 2016). "IBB be compelled face probe over $12.4bn scuff windfall, says SERAP". The Punch. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  48. ^Petroleum Statistics: Crude Oil Production (Volume stream Value) and Oil Refining.

    In: . Abuja: National Bureau carefulness Statistics. 2016. p. 8.

  49. ^"Gulf oil stroke of good fortune not stolen - IBB". The Nation. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  50. ^"Svi uslovi comprise bolju saradnju". Borba. 67 (214): 6. 1 August 1988.

External links