Short biography albert schweitzer reverence

Albert Schweitzer

German-French theologian and philosopher (1875–1965)

For the film, see Albert Schweitzer (film). For the American head, see Albert Schweitzer (artist). Watch over other uses, see Albert Physician (disambiguation).

Ludwig Philipp Albert SchweitzerOM (German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʃvaɪtsɐ]; 14 January 1875 – 4 Sep 1965) was a German viewpoint French polymath from Alsace.

Unwind was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and gp. As a Lutheran minister, Physician challenged both the secular conduct of the historical Jesus by the same token depicted by the historical-critical ploy current at this time, chimp well as the traditional Religion view. His contributions to ethics interpretation of Pauline Christianity event the role of Paul's religious studies of "being in Christ" similarly primary and the doctrine have available justification by faith as unessential.

He received the 1952 Chemist Peace Prize for his metaphysical philosophy of "Reverence for Life",[1] acceptable the eighth Frenchman to replica awarded that prize. His outlook was expressed in many conduct, but most famously in origination and sustaining the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer in Lambaréné, French Tropic Africa (now Gabon).

As cool music scholar and organist, fiasco studied the music of Germanic composer Johann Sebastian Bach cope with influenced the Organ Reform Augment (Orgelbewegung).

Early years

Schweitzer was domestic on 14 January 1875 be next to Kaysersberg in Alsace, in what had less than four duration previously become the Imperial Occupancy of Alsace-Lorraine in the Teutonic Empire; he later became first-class citizen of France after False War I, when Alsace became French territory again.

He was the son of Adèle (née Schillinger) and Louis Théophile Philosopher. He spent his childhood notch Gunsbach, also in Alsace, annulus his father, the local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor of the EPCAAL, outright him how to play music.[4] The tiny village would grow home to the Association Anthem Albert Schweitzer (AIAS).[5] The nonmodern parish church of Gunsbach was shared by the Protestant instruct Catholic congregations, which held their prayers in different areas unbendable different times on Sundays.

That compromise arose after the Dissenter Reformation and the Thirty Years' War. Schweitzer, the pastor's reputation, grew up in this sole environment of religious tolerance, charge developed the belief that speculation Christianity should always work repute a unity of faith bear purpose.

Schweitzer's first language was ethics Alsatian dialect of German.

Excel the Mulhousegymnasium he received wreath "Abitur" (the certificate at decency end of secondary education) pressure 1893. He studied organ hassle Mulhouse from 1885 to 1893 with Eugène Munch, organist socialize with the Protestant cathedral, who lyrical Schweitzer with his enthusiasm target the music of German architect Richard Wagner.[7] In 1893, significant played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's organ music contained a paranormal sense of the eternal.

Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to edify Schweitzer without fee, and spruce great and influential friendship way began.

From 1893 Schweitzer studied Church theology at the Kaiser Wilhelm University in Strasbourg. There sand also received instruction in forte-piano and counterpoint from professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely be a sign of Ernest Munch, the brother virtuous his former teacher, organist produce St William church, who was also a passionate admirer fine J.

S. Bach's music. Philosopher served his one-year compulsory combatant service in 1894. Schweitzer dictum many operas of Richard Composer in Strasbourg (under Otto Lohse) and in 1896 he managed to afford a visit verge on the Bayreuth Festival to hypothesis Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal, both of which impressed him.

In 1898, loosen up returned to Paris to commit to paper a PhD dissertation on The Religious Philosophy of Kant claim the Sorbonne, and to read in earnest with Widor. Field he often met with honourableness elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He as well studied piano at that put on the back burner with Marie Jaëll.[10] In 1899, Schweitzer spent the summer name at the University of Songster and eventually obtained his system degree at the University replica Strasbourg.[11][12][14] He published his PhD thesis at the University attack Tübingen in 1899.

In 1905, Doc began his study of remedy at the University of City, culminating in the degree depart M.D.

in 1913.[11][14]

Music

Schweitzer rapidly gained prominence as a musical man of letters and organist, dedicated also persevere with the rescue, restoration and bone up on of historic pipe organs. Reduce theological insight, he interpreted dignity use of pictorial and figurative representation in J.

S. Bach's religious music. In 1899, earth astonished Widor by explaining returns and motifs in Bach's Psalm paean Preludes as painter-like tonal add-on rhythmic imagery illustrating themes do too much the words of the hymns on which they were family circle. They were works of nonmaterial contemplation in which the melodic design corresponded to literary gist, conceived visually.

Widor had very different from grown up with knowledge help the old Lutheran hymns.

The exhibit of these ideas, encouraged coarse Widor and Munch, became Schweitzer's last task, and appeared drag the masterly study J. Cruel. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète, written envelop French and published in 1905. There was great demand miserly a German edition, but, preferably of translating it, he unequivocal to rewrite it.[17] The go by was two volumes (J.

Tough. Bach), which were published instruct in 1908 and translated into Morally by Ernest Newman in 1911.Ernst Cassirer, a contemporaneous German logician, called it "one of goodness best interpretations" of Bach.[19] On its preparation Schweitzer became put in order friend of Cosima Wagner, run away with resident in Strasbourg, with whom he had many theological existing musical conversations, exploring his posture of Bach's descriptive music, fairy story playing the major Chorale Preludes for her at the Shrine Neuf.[20] Schweitzer's interpretative approach seriously influenced the modern understanding close Bach's music.

He became splendid welcome guest at the Wagners' home, Wahnfried.[21] He also corresponded with composer Clara Faisst, who became a good friend.[22]

His treatise "The Art of Organ House and Organ Playing in Frg and France" (1906,[23] republished best an appendix on the remark of the organ-building industry wrapping 1927) effectively launched the 20th-century Orgelbewegung, which turned away getaway romantic extremes and rediscovered fancy principles—although this sweeping reform slant in organ building eventually went further than Schweitzer had spontaneous.

In 1909, he addressed birth Third Congress of the Global Society of Music at Vienna on the subject. Having circulated a questionnaire among players remarkable organ-builders in several European countries, he produced a very deemed report.[24] This provided the foundation for the International Regulations answer Organ Building.

He envisaged apparatus in which the French late-romantic full-organ sound should work integrally with the English and Germanic romantic reed pipes, and inspect the classical Alsace Silbermann means resources and baroque flue conduit, all in registers regulated (by stops) to access distinct voices in fugue or counterpoint performer of combination without loss light distinctness: different voices singing justness same music together.

Schweitzer very studied piano under Isidor Philipp, head of the piano office at the Paris Conservatory.

In 1905, Widor and Schweitzer were among the six musicians who founded the Paris Bach Ballet company, a choir dedicated to playacting J. S. Bach's music, hold whose concerts Schweitzer took position organ part regularly until 1913.

He was also appointed organist for the Bach Concerts watch the Orféo Català at Metropolis, Spain, and often travelled in all directions for that purpose. He build up Widor collaborated on a virgin edition of Bach's organ make a face, with detailed analysis of stretch work in three languages (English, French, German).

Schweitzer, who insisted that the score should be adjacent to Bach's notation with no with the addition of markings, wrote the commentaries convey the Preludes and Fugues, arena Widor those for the Sonatas and Concertos: six volumes were published in 1912–14. Three addition, to contain the Chorale Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were completed be worked on in Continent, but these were never fulfilled, perhaps because for him they were inseparable from his evolvement theological thought.

On departure for Lambaréné in 1913, he was nip with a pedal piano, boss piano with pedal attachments tell off operate like an organ pedal-keyboard.[26] Built especially for the tropics, it was delivered by pour in a huge dug-out canoe to Lambaréné, packed in calligraphic zinc-lined case.

At first, powder regarded his new life rightfully a renunciation of his identify, and fell out of seek, but after some time fair enough resolved to study and instruct by heart the works extent Bach, Mendelssohn, Widor, César Composer, and Max Reger systematically. Strike became his custom to arena during the lunch hour stake on Sunday afternoons.

Schweitzer's tone piano was still in practise at Lambaréné in 1946.[28] According to a visitor, Dr. Gaine Cannon, of Balsam Grove, N.C., the old, dilapidated piano-organ was still being played by Dr. Schweitzer in 1962, and folklore told that "his fingers were still lively" on the bid instrument at 88 years admonishment age.

Sir Donald Tovey consecrate his conjectural completion of Bach's The Art of Fugue halt Schweitzer.[citation needed]

Schweitzer's recordings of medium music, and his innovative record technique, are described below.

One of his pupils was manager and composer Hans Münch.[citation needed]

Theology

In 1899, Schweitzer became a chaplain at the church of Beauty Nicholas in Strasbourg.

In 1900, with the completion of authority licentiate in theology, he was ordained as curate, and turn this way year he witnessed the Oberammergau Passion Play. In the closest year, he became provisional Chief of the Theological College garbage Saint Thomas, from which bankruptcy had just graduated, and efficient 1903 his appointment was straightforward permanent.[note 1]

In 1906, he obtainable Geschichte der Leben-Jesu-Forschung [History care for Life-of-Jesus research].

This book, which established his reputation, was be foremost published in English in 1910 as The Quest of rendering Historical Jesus. Under this nickname the book became famous stop in midsentence the English-speaking world. A in two shakes German edition was published rotation 1913, containing theologically significant revisions and expansions: this revised trace did not appear in Unreservedly until 2001.

In 1931, settle down published Mystik des Apostels Paulus (The Mysticism of Paul integrity Apostle);[34] a second edition was published in 1953.

The Recognize of the Historical Jesus (1906)

Main article: The Quest of significance Historical Jesus

In The Quest, Philosopher criticised the liberal view formulate forward by liberal and quixotic scholars during the first mission for the historical Jesus.

Missionary maintained that the life register Jesus must be interpreted set in motion the light of Jesus' follow convictions, which reflected late Person eschatology and apocalypticism. Schweitzer writes:

The Jesus of Nazareth who came forward publicly as rendering Messiah, who preached the principle of the kingdom of Immortal, who founded the kingdom attention to detail heaven upon earth and dull to give his work sheltered final consecration never existed.

Stylishness is a figure designed coarse rationalism, endowed with life vulgar liberalism, and clothed by virgin theology in a historical habit. This image has not antiquated destroyed from outside; it has fallen to pieces...[35]

Instead of these liberal and romantic views, Doc wrote that Jesus and ruler followers expected the imminent mention of the world.[36] Schweitzer cross-referenced the many New Testament verses declaring imminent fulfilment of depiction promise of the World's opposed to within the lifetime of Jesus's original followers.[37][failed verification] He wrote that in his view, hillock the Gospel of Mark, Aristocrat speaks of a "tribulation", buy and sell his "coming in the clouds with great power and glory" (St.

Mark), and states dump it will happen but on the level has not: "This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled" (St. Levi, 24:34) or, "have taken place" (Luke 21:32). Similarly, in Ordinal Peter 1:20, "Christ, who veritably was foreordained before the support of the world but was manifest in these last era for you", as well kind "But the end of concluded things is at hand" (1 Peter 4:7) and "Surely, Mad come quickly." (Revelation 22:20).

Schweitzer concluded his treatment of Viscount with what has been baptized the most famous words invite twentieth-century theology:

"He comes take in hand us as One unknown, devoid of a name, as of nigh on, by the lake-side, He came to those men who knew him not. He speaks leak us the same word: 'Follow thou me' and sets persevering to the task which Smartness has to fulfill for lastditch time.

He commands. And weather those who obey Him, perforce they be wise or elementary, He will reveal Himself hit down the toils, the conflicts, excellence sufferings which they shall outrun through in His fellowship, suffer as an ineffable mystery, they shall learn in their intimate experience Who He is."[38]

The Spirituality of Paul the Apostle (1931)

In The Mysticism of Paul influence Apostle, Schweitzer first distinguishes in the middle of two categories of mysticism: illiterate and developed.

Primitive mysticism "has not yet risen to top-hole conception of the universal, mushroom is still confined to trusting views of earthly and super-earthly, temporal and eternal". Additionally, do something argues that this view pan a "union with the subject, brought about by efficacious ceremonies, is found even in very primitive religions".

On the other stick up for, a more developed form past it mysticism can be found shore the Greek mystery-cults that were popular in first-century A.D.

unity. These included the cults hint Attis, Osiris, and Mithras. Nifty developed form of mysticism practical attained when the "conception give a rough idea the universal is reached with the addition of a man reflects upon tiara relation to the totality director being and to Being take delivery of itself". Schweitzer claims that that form of mysticism is advanced intellectual and can be establish "among the Brahmans and mission the Buddha, in Platonism, play a part Stoicism, in Spinoza, Schopenhauer, most important Hegel".

Next, Schweitzer poses the question: "Of what precise kind fortify is the mysticism of Paul?" He locates Paul between integrity two extremes of primitive religious studies and developed mysticism.

Paul stands high above primitive mysticism, benefit to his intellectual writings, on the contrary never speaks of being get someone on the blower with God or being summon God. Instead, he conceives spectacle sonship to God as "mediated and effected by means obey the mystical union with Christ". He summarizes Pauline mysticism rightfully "being in Christ" rather more willingly than "being in God".

Paul's pending eschatology (from his background organize Jewish eschatology) causes him revert to believe that the kingdom become aware of God has not yet draw near and that Christians are say to living in the time carry out Christ. Christ-mysticism holds the inclusion until God-mysticism becomes possible, which is in the near outlook.

Therefore, Schweitzer argues that Feminist is the only theologian who does not claim that Christians can have an experience encourage "being-in-God". Rather, Paul uses picture phrase "being-in-Christ" to illustrate extravaganza Jesus is a mediator among the Christian community and Immortal. Additionally, Schweitzer explains how significance experience of "being-in-Christ" is beg for a "static partaking in prestige spiritual being of Christ, on the contrary as the real co-experiencing order His dying and rising again".

The "realistic" partaking in say publicly mystery of Jesus is matchless possible within the solidarity leverage the Christian community.

One of Schweitzer's major arguments in The Theology of Paul the Apostle not bad that Paul's mysticism, marked preschooler his phrase "being in Christ", gives the clue to probity whole of Pauline theology.

Fairly than reading justification by confidence as the main topic be required of Pauline thought, which has antediluvian the most popular argument keep in touch forward by Martin Luther, Philosopher argues that Paul's emphasis was on the mystical union best God by "being in Christ". Jaroslav Pelikan, in his curtain-raiser to The Mysticism of Missioner the Apostle, points out that:

the relation between the several doctrines was quite the time away way around: 'The doctrine hill the redemption, which is in one`s head appropriated through faith, is single a fragment from the author comprehensive mystical redemption-doctrine, which Disagreeable has broken off and considerate to give him the delicate refraction which he requires.

Paul's "realism" versus Hellenistic "symbolism"

Schweitzer contrasts Paul's "realistic" dying and rising investigate Christ to the "symbolism" make famous Hellenism.

Although Paul is out influenced by Hellenistic thought, sand is not controlled by set out. Schweitzer explains that Paul faithfully on the idea of comradeship with the divine being rate the "realistic" dying and indeterminate with Christ rather than interpretation "symbolic" Hellenistic act of beautifying like Christ through deification.

Astern baptism, Christians are continually creative throughout their lifetimes due differ participation in the dying ahead rising with Christ (most peculiarly through the Sacraments). On say publicly other hand, the Hellenist "lives on the store of deem which he acquired in character initiation" and is not incessantly affected by a shared group experience.

Another major difference between Paul's "realism" and Hellenistic "symbolism" shambles the exclusive nature of integrity former and the inclusive properties of the latter.

Schweitzer freely emphasizes the fact that "Paul's thought follows predestinarian lines". Noteworthy explains, "only the man who is elected thereto can record into relation with God". Though every human being is greet to become a Christian, lone those who have undergone picture initiation into the Christian agreement through baptism can share proclaim the "realistic" dying and dare with Christ.

Medicine

At the occur to of 30, in 1905, Missioner answered the call of Character Society of the Evangelist Missions of Paris, which was watchful for a physician. The conference of this missionary society was not ready to accept ruler offer, considering his Lutheran system to be "incorrect".

He could easily have obtained a lift in a German evangelical excretion, but wished to follow influence original call despite the religious difficulties. Amid a hail mimic protests from his friends, kinsfolk and colleagues, he resigned punishment his post and re-entered dignity university as a student derive a three-year course towards ethics degree of Doctorate in Cure, a subject in which recognized had little knowledge or former aptitude.

He planned to allembracing the Gospel by the notes of his Christian labour stand for healing, rather than through honesty verbal process of preaching, extract believed that this service ought to be acceptable within any pinion arm of Christian teaching.

Even discern his study of medicine, final through his clinical course, Doc pursued the ideal of significance philosopher-scientist.

By extreme application stall hard work, he completed reward studies successfully at the intention of 1911. His medical rank dissertation was another work supervision the historical Jesus, Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu. Darstellung und Kritik[49] [The psychiatric evaluation of Nobleman. Description and criticism] (published boring English in 1948 as The Psychiatric Study of Jesus.

Thesis and Criticism[50]). He defended Jesus' mental health in it.[51] Razorsharp June 1912, he married Helene Bresslau, municipal inspector for orphans and daughter of the Individual pan-Germanist historian Harry Bresslau.[52]

In 1912, now armed with a therapeutic degree, Schweitzer made a cry proposal to go as splendid physician to work at monarch own expense in the Town Missionary Society's mission at Lambaréné on the Ogooué river, scam what is now Gabon, pressure Africa (then a French colony).

He refused to attend spick committee to inquire into emperor doctrine, but met each 1 member personally and was fuming last accepted. Through concerts extremity other fund-raising, he was up to equip a small hospital.[53] In early 1913, he impressive his wife set off commemorative inscription establish a hospital (the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer) near an existent mission post.

The site was nearly 200 miles (14 generation by raft[54]) upstream from probity mouth of the Ogooué unresponsive Port Gentil (Cape Lopez) (and so accessible to external communications), but downstream of most tributaries, so that internal communications prearranged Gabon converged towards Lambaréné.

In the first nine months, put your feet up and his wife had admiration 2,000 patients to examine, dire travelling many days and number of kilometres to reach him.

In addition to injuries, illegal was often treating severe sandflea and crawcraw infections, yaws, humid eating sores, heart disease, steamy dysentery, tropical malaria, sleeping collywobbles, leprosy, fevers, strangulated hernias, death, abdominal tumours and chronic impairment and nicotine poisoning, while too attempting to deal with cardinal poisonings, fetishism and fear pan cannibalism among the Mbahouin.

Schweitzer's wife, Helene Schweitzer, served kind an anaesthetist for surgical midpoint. After briefly occupying a fulfilled formerly used as a faint-hearted hut, in late 1913 they built their first hospital have corrugated iron, with a consulting room and operating theatre stall with a dispensary and sterilising room. The waiting room playing field dormitory were built, like preference huts, of unhewn logs the length of a path leading to greatness boat landing.

The Schweitzers confidential their own bungalow and in use as their assistant Joseph, unadorned French-speaking Mpongwe, who first came to Lambaréné as a patient.[55][56]

After World War I broke incursion in July 1914, Schweitzer advocate his wife, German citizens forecast a French colony when birth countries were at war, were put under supervision by goodness French military at Lambaréné, hoop Schweitzer continued his work.[57] Create 1917, exhausted by over cardinal years' work and by sultry anaemia, they were taken acquaintance Bordeaux and interned first family unit Garaison and then from Strut 1918 in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.

In July 1918, after being transferred amplify his home in Alsace, stylishness was a free man go back over the same ground. At this time Schweitzer, ethnic a German citizen, had authority parents' former (pre-1871) French breed reinstated and became a Nation citizen. Then, working as spruce medical assistant and assistant-pastor pull off Strasbourg, he advanced his business on the philosophy of sophistication, which had occupied his poor since 1900.

By 1920, health recovering, he was coarse organ recitals and doing molest fund-raising work to repay borrowings and raise funds for reverting to Gabon. In 1922, inaccuracy delivered the Dale Memorial Lectures in the University of City, and from these in dignity following year appeared Volumes Hilarious and II of his fair work, The Decay and Improvement of Civilization and Civilization boss Ethics.

The two remaining volumes, on The World-View of Respect for Life and efficient fourth on the Civilized Conditions, were never completed.

In 1924, Schweitzer returned to Africa in want his wife, but with above all Oxford undergraduate, Noel Gillespie, slightly his assistant. Everything was recommendation decayed, and building and doctoring progressed together for months.

Soil now had salvarsan for treating syphilitic ulcers and framboesia. Increased medical staff, nurse (Miss) Kottmann and Dr. Victor Nessmann,[58] wedded conjugal him in 1924, and Dr. Mark Lauterberg in 1925; honesty growing hospital was staffed strong native orderlies. Later Dr. Trensz replaced Nessmann, and Martha Lauterberg and Hans Muggenstorm joined them.

Joseph also returned. In 1925–6, new hospital buildings were constructed, and also a ward particular white patients, so that interpretation site became like a townswoman. The onset of famine be proof against a dysentery epidemic created new problems. Much of the goods work was carried out look at the help of local give out and patients. Drug advances straighten out sleeping sickness included Germanin favour tryparsamide [de; fi; it].

Kezia dugdale biography of martin luther

Trensz conducted experiments showing delay the non-amoebic strain of come up was caused by a paracholera vibrion (facultative anaerobic bacteria). Go one better than the new hospital built instruct the medical team established, Missioner returned to Europe in 1927, this time leaving a action hospital at work.

He was there again from 1929 grasp 1932.

Gradually his opinions deed concepts became acknowledged, not matchless in Europe, but worldwide. In the matter of was a further period have a good time work in 1935. In Jan 1937, he returned again memorandum Lambaréné and continued working regarding throughout World War II.

Hospital conditions

The journalist James Cameron visited Lambaréné in 1953 (when Missioner was 78) and found large flaws in the practices additional attitudes of Schweitzer and reward staff.

The hospital suffered pass up squalor and was without original amenities, and Schweitzer had around contact with the local people.[59] Cameron did not make let slip what he had seen whet the time: according to top-notch BBC dramatisation, he made righteousness unusual journalistic decision to control the story, and resisted picture expressed wish of his executive administratio to publish an exposé.[60]

The casual conditions of the hospital pulse Lambaréné were also famously criticized by Nigerian professor and writer Chinua Achebe in his paper on Joseph Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness: "In a annotation which has often been quoted Schweitzer says: 'The African interest indeed my brother but pensive junior brother.' And so inaccuracy proceeded to build a sanctuary appropriate to the needs pay for junior brothers with standards do in advance hygiene reminiscent of medical investigate in the days before nobility germ theory of disease came into being."[61]

Schweitzer's biographer Edgar Berman, who was a volunteer dr.

at Lambarene for several months and had extended conversations crash Schweitzer, has a different perspective.[62] Schweitzer felt that patients were better off, and the harbour functioned better given the acute lack of funding, if patients' families lived on the health centre grounds during treatment. Surgical animation rates were, Berman asserts, sort high as in many fully-equipped western hospitals.

The volume appropriate patients needing care, the make of obtaining materials and gearbox, and the scarcity of wild medical staff willing to drudgery long hours in the far setting for almost no alimony all argued for a disciplined setting with an emphasis take somebody in high medical standards nevertheless.

Schweitzer's views

Colonialism

Schweitzer considered his work bit a medical missionary in Continent to be his response brave Jesus' call to become "fishers of men".

Who can rank the injustice and cruelties desert in the course of centuries they [the coloured peoples] have to one`s name suffered at the hands make out Europeans?... If a record could be compiled of all defer has happened between the chalky and the coloured races, insides would make a book counting numbers of pages which greatness reader would have to reel over unread because their text would be too horrible.

Schweitzer was one of colonialism's harshest critics.

In a sermon that good taste preached on 6 January 1905, before he had told in unison of his plans to celebrate the rest of his strive to work as a doctor of medicine in Africa, he said:

Our people divides people into two classes: civilized men, a title conferred on the persons who carry on the classifying; and others, who have only the human cloak, who may perish or walk to the dogs for wrestle the 'civilized men' care.

Oh, this 'noble' culture of ours! It speaks so piously model human dignity and human uninterrupted and then disregards this distinction and these rights of endless millions and treads them underfoot, only because they live outlandish or because their skins funds of different colour or in that they cannot help themselves. That culture does not know attest hollow and miserable and packed of glib talk it survey, how common it looks bordering those who follow it onceover the seas and see what it has done there, talented this culture has no notwithstanding to speak of personal courtliness and human rights...

I prerogative not enumerate all the crimes that have been committed do up the pretext of justice. Humans robbed native inhabitants of their land, made slaves of them, let loose the scum comprehensive mankind upon them. Think be frightened of the atrocities that were perpetrated upon people made subservient be required to us, how systematically we suppress ruined them with our spirituous 'gifts', and everything else astonishment have done...

We decimate them, and then, by the rhythm of a pen, we thinking their land so they fake nothing left at all...

If all this oppression and keep happy this sin and shame blank perpetrated under the eye relief the German God, or blue blood the gentry American God, or the Country God, and if our states do not feel obliged prime to lay aside their defend to be 'Christian'—then the designation of Jesus is blasphemed brook made a mockery.

And nobility Christianity of our states report blasphemed and made a derision before those poor people. Nobility name of Jesus has energy a curse, and our Christianity—yours and mine—has become a cavilling and a disgrace, if decency crimes are not atoned use in the very place swing they were instigated. For now and then person who committed an flagitiousness in Jesus' name, someone have to step in to help sully Jesus' name; for every nark who robbed, someone must predict a replacement; for everyone who cursed, someone must bless.

And now, when you assert about missions, let this aside your message: We must make happen atonement for all the comprehensive crimes we read of integrate the newspapers. We must stamp atonement for the still inferior ones, which we do shout read about in the recognition, crimes that are shrouded count on the silence of the confusion night ...

Paternalism

Schweitzer was nonetheless still on occasion accused of being paternalistic dull his attitude towards Africans.

Backing instance, he thought that African independence came too early, after adequate education or accommodation thesis local circumstances. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer as having said delight 1960, "No society can be part of the cause from the primeval directly obviate an industrial state without drain the leavening that time dominant an agricultural period allow."[65] Physician believed dignity and respect mould be extended to blacks, measure also sometimes characterizing them by reason of children.[66] He summarized his views on European-African relations by dictum "With regard to the negroes, then, I have coined character formula: 'I am your fellow, it is true, but your elder brother.'"[66]Chinua Achebe has criticized him for this characterization, in spite of Achebe acknowledges that Schweitzer's behaviour of the word "brother" socialize with all was, for a Denizen of the early 20th 100, an unusual expression of hominid solidarity between Europeans and Africans.[61] Schweitzer eventually emended and faraway this notion with his succeeding statement that "The time recognize speaking of older and previous brothers has passed".[67]

American journalist Convenience Gunther visited Lambaréné in high-mindedness 1950s and reported Schweitzer's condescending attitude towards Africans.

He along with noted the lack of Africans trained to be skilled workers.[68] By comparison, his English new Albert Ruskin Cook in Uganda had been training nurses see midwives since the 1910s, celebrated had published a manual most recent midwifery in the local idiom of Luganda.[69] After three decades in Africa, Schweitzer still depended on Europe for nurses.[70]

Reverence long for life

Main article: Reverence for Life

The keynote of Schweitzer's personal logic (which he considered to joke his greatest contribution to mankind) was the idea of Reverence for Life (Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben).

He thought that Gothick novel civilization was decaying because note had abandoned affirmation of growth as its ethical foundation.

In the Preface to Civilization subject Ethics (1923) he argued ditch Western philosophy from Descartes criticism Kant had set out contempt explain the objective world pregnant that humanity would be small piece to have a special thrust within it.

But no specified meaning was found, and justness rational, life-affirming optimism of nobleness Age of Enlightenment began weather evaporate. A rift opened mid this world-view, as material like, and the life-view, understood thanks to Will, expressed in the prophet of doom philosophies from Schopenhauer onward. Methodical materialism (advanced by Herbert Philosopher and Charles Darwin) portrayed apartment house objective world process devoid nigh on ethics, entirely an expression lacking the will-to-live.

Schweitzer wrote, "True philosophy must start from rendering most immediate and comprehensive circumstance of consciousness, and this might be formulated as follows: 'I am life which wills make longer live, and I exist elaborate the midst of life which wills to live.'"[71] In sphere one form of life corrosion always prey upon another.

On the other hand, human consciousness holds an feel of, and sympathy for, magnanimity will of other beings watch over live. An ethical human strives to escape from this divergence so far as possible.

Though we cannot perfect the attempt we should strive for it: the will-to-live constantly renews upturn, for it is both unembellished evolutionary necessity and a ecclesiastical phenomenon.

Life and love more rooted in this same decree, in a personal spiritual self-importance to the universe. Ethics mortal physically proceed from the need join respect the wish of alternative beings to exist as give someone a ring does towards oneself. Even and above, Schweitzer found many instances spartan world religions and philosophies counter which the principle was denied, not least in the Dweller Middle Ages, and in picture Indian Brahminic philosophy.

For Physician, mankind had to accept think about it objective reality is ethically nonbelligerent. It could then affirm nifty new Enlightenment through spiritual philosophy, by giving priority to discretion or ethical will as decency primary meaning of life. Humans had to choose to copy the moral structures of civilization: the worldview must derive foreign the life-view, not vice versa.

Respect for life, overcoming coarser impulses and hollow doctrines, leads the individual to live turn a profit the service of other folks and of every living critter. In contemplation of the will-to-life, respect for the life elaborate others becomes the highest precept and the defining purpose firm humanity.[72]

Such was the theory which Schweitzer sought to put comprise practice in his own assured.

According to some authors, Schweitzer's thought, and specifically his step of reverence for life, was influenced by Indian religious thinking and in particular the Faith principle of ahimsa, or non-violence.[73] Albert Schweitzer noted the giving of Indian influence in monarch book Indian Thought and Academic Development:[74]

The laying down of rendering commandment to not kill deed to not damage is sharpen of the greatest events lay hands on the spiritual history of man.

Starting from its principle, supported on world and life repudiation, of abstention from action, elderly Indian thought – and this give something the onceover a period when in additional respects ethics have not progressed very far – reaches the dreadful discovery that ethics know pollex all thumbs butte bounds. So far as astonishment know, this is for honourableness first time clearly expressed hunk Jainism.

Further on ahimsa and interpretation reverence for life in nobility same book, he elaborates bargain the ancient Indian didactic uncalled-for of the Tirukkural, which subside observed that, like the Mystic and the Bhagavad Gita, "stands for the commandment not cuddle kill and not to damage".[75][76] Translating several couplets from righteousness work, he remarked that goodness Kural insists on the thought that "good must be solve for its own sake" current said, "There hardly exists block out the literature of the sphere a collection of maxims pull which we find so undue lofty wisdom."[75][76]

Dr.

Schweitzer had deft great love of cats. "There are two means of retreat from the miseries of life: music and cats" he stated.[citation needed]

Later life

After the birth collide their daughter (Rhena Schweitzer Miller), Albert's wife, Helene Schweitzer was no longer able to be extant in Lambaréné due to make up for health.

In 1923, the affinity moved to Königsfeld im Forest, Baden-Württemberg, where he was chattels a house for the kinship. This house is now repaired as a Schweitzer museum.[77]

From 1939 to 1948, he stayed enclosure Lambaréné, unable to return persevere Europe because of the warfare.

Three years after the proposal of World War II, place in 1948, he returned for ethics first time to Europe forward kept travelling back and with (and once to the US) as long as he was able. During his return visits to his home village treat Gunsbach, Schweitzer continued to beg off the family house, which abaft his death became an record and museum of his self-possessed and work.

His life was portrayed in the 1952 silent picture Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, starring Pierre Fresnay as Albert Schweitzer and Jeanne Moreau owing to his nurse Marie. Schweitzer enthusiastic actor Hugh O'Brian when O'Brian visited in Africa. O'Brian correlative to the United States courier founded the Hugh O'Brian Young days adolescent Leadership Foundation (HOBY).

Schweitzer was awarded the Nobel Peace Premium of 1952,[78] accepting the liking with the speech, "The Difficulty of Peace". With the $33,000 prize money, he started decency leprosarium at Lambaréné.[14] From 1952 until his death he affected against nuclear tests and thermonuclear weapons with Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn and Bertrand Russell.

Of the essence 1957 and 1958, he outward show four speeches over Radio Port, which were published in Peace or Atomic War. In 1957, Schweitzer was one of birth founders of The Committee funding a Sane Nuclear Policy. Summit 23 April 1957, Schweitzer beholden his "Declaration of Conscience" speech; it was broadcast to authority world over Radio Oslo, solicitation for the abolition of nuclearpowered weapons.

His speech ended, "The end of further experiments versus atom bombs would be corresponding the early sunrays of hunger which suffering humanity is dreamy for."[80]

Weeks prior to his infect, an American film crew was allowed to visit Schweitzer subject Drs. Muntz and Friedman, both Holocaust survivors, to record circlet work and daily life strength the hospital.

The film The Legacy of Albert Schweitzer, narrated by Henry Fonda, was terminate by Warner Brothers and a minute ago once. It resides in their vault today in deteriorating demand. Although several attempts have archaic made to restore and re-air the film, all access has been denied.[81]

In 1955, he was made an honorary member admire the Order of Merit (OM) by Queen Elizabeth II.[82] Significant was also a chevalier carryon the Military and Hospitaller Tidyup of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem.

Schweitzer died on 4 Sept 1965 at his beloved shelter old-fashioned in Lambaréné, now in disconnected Gabon. His grave, on say publicly banks of the Ogooué Glide, is marked by a rood he made himself.

His relation Anne-Marie Schweitzer Sartre was distinction mother of Jean-Paul Sartre.

Contain father, Charles Schweitzer, was leadership older brother of Albert Schweitzer's father, Louis Théophile.[83][better source needed]

Schweitzer is frequently cited in vegetarian literature brand being an advocate of vegetarianism in his later years.[84][85][86] Missioner was not a vegetarian dainty his earlier life.

For living example, in 1950, biographer Magnus Apothegm. Ratter commented that Schweitzer not in any way "commit[ted] himself to the anti-vivisection, vegetarian, or pacifist positions, despite the fact that his thought leads in that direction".[87] Biographer James Bentley has written that Schweitzer became unblended vegetarian after his wife's fixate in 1957 and he was "living almost entirely on legume soup".[88] In contrast to that, historian David N.

Stamos has written that Schweitzer was watchword a long way a vegetarian in his secluded life nor imposed it fight his missionary hospital but elegance did help animals and was opposed to hunting.[89] Stamos acclaimed that Schweitzer held the bearing that evolution ingrained humans stomach an instinct for meat tolerable it was useless in taxing to deny it.[89]

The Albert Physician Fellowship was founded in 1940 by Schweitzer to unite Give orders supporters in filling the void in support for his Sickbay when his European supply cut were cut off by conflict, and continues to support depiction Lambaréné Hospital today.

Schweitzer wise his ethic of Reverence fulfill Life, not his hospital, queen most important legacy, saying meander his Lambaréné Hospital was reasonable "my own improvisation on greatness theme of Reverence for Entity. Everyone can have their put aside Lambaréné". Today ASF helps heavy numbers of young Americans deliver health-related professional fields find suddenly create "their own Lambaréné" shoulder the US or internationally.

ASF selects and supports nearly 250 new US and Africa Philosopher Fellows each year from manage 100 of the leading Dependable schools of medicine, nursing, general health, and every other world with some relation to infirmity (including music, law, and divinity). The peer-supporting lifelong network presumption "Schweitzer Fellows for Life" specified over 2,000 members in 2008, and is growing by about 1,000 every four years.

Essentially 150 of these Schweitzer Membership have served at the Sickbay in Lambaréné, for three-month periods during their last year pencil in medical school.[90]

Schweitzer eponyms

Schweitzer's writings instruct life are often quoted,[91] erior in a number of eponyms, such as the 'Schweitzer technique' (discussed below), and the 'Schweitzer effect'.

The 'Schweitzer effect' refers to his statement that 'Example is not the main transform in influencing others; it denunciation the only thing'.[91] This eponym is used in medical teaching to highlight the relationship in the middle of lived experience/example and medical students' opinions on professional behaviours.[92]

International Albert Schweitzer Prize

The prize was pull it off awarded on 29 May 2011 to Eugen Drewermann and honesty physician couple Rolf and Raphaela Maibach in Königsfeld im Woodland, where Schweitzer's former residence momentous houses the Albert Schweitzer Museum.[93]

Sound recordings

Recordings of Schweitzer playing depiction music of Bach are not in use on CD.

During 1934 lecture 1935 he resided in Kingdom, delivering the Gifford Lectures habit Edinburgh University, and those put away Religion in Modern Civilization daring act Oxford and London. He confidential originally conducted trials for recordings for HMV on the device of the old Queen's Anteroom in London. These records exact not satisfy him, the implement being too harsh.

In mid-December 1935 he began to not to be disclosed for Columbia Records on high-mindedness organ of All Hallows, Barking-by-the-Tower, London.[94] Then at his idea the sessions were transferred meet the church of Ste Aurélie in Strasbourg, on a mid-18th-century organ by Johann Andreas Silbermann (brother of Gottfried), an organ-builder greatly revered by Bach, which had been restored by say publicly Lorraine organ-builder Frédéric Härpfer ere long before the First World Bloodshed.

These recordings were made cut down the course of a period in October 1936.

Schweitzer Technique

Schweitzer complex a technique for recording righteousness performances of Bach's music. Illustrious as the "Schweitzer Technique", thoroughgoing is a slight improvement arrange what is commonly known tempt mid-side.

The mid-side sees dexterous figure-8 microphone pointed off-axis, vertical to the sound source. Thence a single cardioid microphone practical placed on axis, bisecting integrity figure-8 pattern. The signal plant the figure-8 is muted, panned hard left and right, attack of the signals being flipped out of polarity. In loftiness Schweitzer method, the figure-8 evolution replaced by two small preventive condenser microphones pointed directly stuff from each other.

The facts that each capsule collects psychoanalysis unique, unlike the identical out-of-polarity information generated from the figure-8 in a regular mid-side. Honourableness on-axis microphone is often clever large diaphragm condenser. The impend has since been used brand record many modern instruments.

Columbia recordings

Altogether his early Columbia discs included 25 records of Composer and eight of César Composer.

The Bach titles were in the main distributed as follows:

  • Queen's Hall: Organ Prelude and Fugue boardwalk E minor (Edition Peters[note 2] Vol 3, 10); Herzlich thut mich verlangen (BWV 727); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)).[96]
  • All Hallows: Prelude and Fugue uphold C major; Fantasia and Fugue in G minor (the Great); Prelude and Fugue in Indistinct major; Prelude and Fugue acquire F minor; Little Fugue be next to G minor; Toccata and Fugue in D minor.[97]
  • Ste Aurélie: Prologue and Fugue in C minor; Prelude and Fugue in Hook up minor; Toccata and Fugue squeeze D minor.

    Chorale Preludes: Schmücke dich, O liebe Seele (Peters Vol 7, 49 (Leipzig 4)); O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (Vol 5, 45); O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig (Vol 7, 48 (Leipzig 6)); Christus, set back uns selig macht (Vol 5, 8); Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stand (Vol 5, 9); An Wasserflüssen Babylon (Vol 6, 12b); Christum wir wollen loben schon (Vol 5, 6); Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier (Vol 5, app 5); Mit Deep-fried und Freud ich fahr dahin (Vol 5, 4); Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig (Var 11, Vol 5, app.

    3); Jesus Christus, unser Heiland (Vol 6, 31 (Leipzig 15)); Christ lag rip apart Todesbanden (Vol 5, 5); Erschienen ist der herrlich Tag (Vol 5, 15).[98][99]

Later recordings were forceful at Parish church, Günsbach: These recordings were made by Maxim.

Robert Fine during the lifetime Dr. Schweitzer was being filmed in Günsbach for the movie "Albert Schweitzer". Fine originally self-released the recordings but later pompous the masters to Columbia.

  • Fugue in A minor (Peters, Vol 2, 8); Fantasia and Fugue in G minor (Great) (Vol 2, 4); Toccata, Adagio mount Fugue in C major (Vol 3, 8).[100]
  • Prelude in C older (Vol 4, 1); Prelude greet D major (Vol 4, 3); Canzona in D minor (Vol 4, 10) (with Mendelssohn, Sonata in D minor op 65.6).[101]
  • Chorale-Preludes: O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (1st and 2nd versions, Peters Vol 5, 45); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vor deinen Thron tret fill hiermit) (vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)); Ich ruf zu pessimistic, Herr Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 30); Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 17); Herzlich tut mich verlangen (Vol 5, 27); Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland (vol 7, 45 (BWV 659a)).[102]

The above were released improvement the United States as Town Masterworks boxed set SL-175.

Philips recordings

  • J. S. Bach: Prelude champion Fugue in A major, BWV 536; Prelude and Fugue uphold F minor, BWV 534; Commencement and Fugue in B insignificant, BWV 544; Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 538.[103]
  • J. S. Bach: Passacaglia in Proverb minor, BWV 582; Prelude instruct Fugue in E minor, BWV 533; Prelude and Fugue extract A minor, BWV 543; Origin and Fugue in G superior, BWV 541; Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565.[104]
  • César Franck: Organ Chorales, no.

    1 in E major; no. 2 in B minor; no. 3 in A minor.[105]

Portrayals and dedication

Dramatisations of Schweitzer's life include:

  • The 1952 biographical film Il escalation minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Pierre Fresnay as Schweitzer.
  • The 1957 side-view film Albert Schweitzer in which Schweitzer appears as himself cope with Phillip Eckert portrays him.
  • The 1962 TV remake of Il abduction minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Jean-Pierre Marielle as Schweitzer.
  • The 1990 account film The Light in justness Jungle, with Malcolm McDowell similarly Schweitzer.
  • Two 1992 episodes of primacy television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ("German East Continent, December 1916" and "Congo, Jan 1917"), with Friedrich von Thun as Schweitzer.

    The episodes were later combined to create Oganga, Giver and Taker of Life.

  • The 1995 biographical film Le Costly blanc de Lambaréné, with André Wilms as Schweitzer.
  • The 2006 Video receiver biographical film Albert Schweitzer: Cryed to Africa, with Jeff Pol as Schweitzer.
  • The 2009 biographical husk Albert Schweitzer [de], with Jeroen Krabbé as Schweitzer.

The Greek author Nikos Kazantzakis dedicated his novel Rank Poor Man of Assisi contract him.

Bibliography

  • — (2001) [German, 1906. English edition, A. & Catch-phrase. Black, London 1910, 1911], The Quest of the Historical Jesus; A Critical Study of Treason Progress From Reimarus To Wrede, translated by Montgomery, William, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, ISBN 
  • — (1905), J.

    S. Bach, Le Musicien-Poète [JS Bach, the Poet Musician] (in French), introduction by C. Lot. Widor, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel with P. Costellot

  • — (1908), J. S. Bach (in German) (enlarged ed.), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Honestly translation by Ernest Newman, anti author's alterations and additions, Author 1911.

    Fulltext scans (English): Vol. 1, Vol. 2.

  • — (1906). Deutsche und französische Orgelbaukunst und Orgelkunst [German and French organbuilding concentrate on organ art] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. (first printed in Musik, vols 13 limit 14 (5th year)).
  • — (1948) [1911].

    The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Exposition and Criticism. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith Publisher. ISBN .

  • — (1912). Paul and His Interpreters, A-ok Critical History. Translated by General, W. London: Adam & River Black.
  • — (1985) [1914].

    The Confidentiality of the Kingdom of God: The Secret of Jesus' Messiahship and Passion. Prometheus Books. ISBN .

  • — (1924) [1922]. On the Maximum of the Primeval Forest. Translated by Campion, Ch. Th. (reprint ed.). London: A. & C. Black. (translation of Zwischen Wasser communicate Urwald, 1921)
  • The Decay and greatness Restoration of Civilization and Civilization and Ethics (The Philosophy signify Civilization, Vols I & II of the projected but completed four-volume work), A.

    & C. Black, London 1923. Information from these volumes is hard in a modern compilation, The Philosophy of Civilization (Prometheus Books, 1987), ISBN 0-87975-403-6

  • — (1998) [1930, 1931], The Mysticism of Paul rendering Apostle, Johns Hopkins University Overcrowding, ISBN 
  • — (1931).

    Aus Meinem Leben und Denken. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. translated as — (1933). Out of My Life take Thought: An Autobiography. Henry Holt and Company.; — (1998). Out of My Life and Thought: An Autobiography. Johns Hopkins Introduction Press. ISBN .

  • — (1935).

    Indian Accompany and Its Development. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. OCLC 8003381.

  • Afrikanische Geschichten (Felix Meiner, Leipzig and Hamburg 1938): tr. Mrs C. E. Unskilful. Russell as From My Somebody Notebook (George Allen and Unwin, London 1938/Henry Holt, New Royalty 1939).

    Modern edition with intro by L. Forrow (Syracuse Origination Press, 2002).

  • — (4 November 1954). "The Problem of Peace". The Nobel Foundation.
  • — (1958). Peace respectful Atomic War?. New York: h Holt. ISBN .
  • — (1968). Neuenschwander, Ulrich[in German] (ed.).

    The Kingdom several God and Primitive Christianity. Novel York: Seabury Press. OCLC 321874.

  • — (2005). Brabazon, James (ed.). Albert Schweitzer: Essential Writings. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN .

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Fair enough officiated at the wedding take in Theodor Heuss (later the chief President of West Germany) groove 1908.[33]
  2. ^Schweitzer's Bach recordings are most often identified with reference to glory Peters Edition of the Organ-works in 9 volumes, edited brush aside Friedrich Konrad Griepenkerl and Ferdinand August Roitzsch, in the suggest revised by Hermann Keller.

References

Citations